Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822)
English poet of the period of Romanticism, known for his extreme emotional and physical sensitivity, his vivid imagination, his rebellion against authority of all kinds, and the Pantheism, idealistic and visionary aspiration, and musical quality of his poetry. His works include Queen Mab ( 1813); Alastor (1816); The Revolt of Islam (1818); Prometheus Unbound ( 1819); The Cenci ( 1819); The Witch of Atlas (1820); Adonais (1821). His best-known single poems are Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, The Sensitive Plant, Mutability, The Indian Serenade, To Night, Ozymandias, The Cloud, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, and Stanzas Written in Dejection. He had an important influence on Browning and Swinburne.
Shelley, who is in many ways considered a typical romantic poet, was childlike, naively self-centered and irresponsible, and amoral in character. As early as his schooldays he became known for his excessive sensibility and his rebellious spirit, being called "Mad Shelley" and "Shelley the Atheist." He was married twice, on both occasions after an unconventional elopement, and had a number of attachments with other women of his acquaintance, seeking in them an ideal spiritual mate. In 1817 the English court removed from his custody his two children by his first marriage with Harriet Westbrook, and, heart-broken, the poet left England for Italy, where he did his best work. See also Byron, a close friend of Shelley. He was drowned in a storm at sea in the Adriatic, and his body was cremated. The Orphan Angel, a novel by Elinor Wylie, tells 2 fanciful story of Shelley's adventures in the America of his day, after he has been rescued from the sea by an American whaling vessel in the storm which in fact caused his death.
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
English poet and dramatist of the Elizabethan and early Jacobean period, probably the most widely known author in all English literature. His plays, the plots of most of which were derived from traditional medieval legend, contemporary chronicles, classic literature, and existent dramas of his own day, are distinguished by a more profound understanding and conception of character than is found in the work of other Elizabethan playwrights and by superior poetry of great delicacy, sensitivity, variety, and dramatic appropriateness.
His lyric and narrative poetry is closer to the conventional product of his time but, especially in his Sonnets and the songs from his plays, it is often marked by a combination of imagination, precision, and deep and sincere emotion that is lacking in similar work of his contemporaries.The following is a list of the accepted canon of Shakespeare's thirty-seven plays, arranged in the classification sometimes used, and followed by the dates generally agreed upon, by 20th century scholars:
Experiment
LOVE'S LABOR'S LOST (ca. 1590)
THE COMEDY OF ERRORS (ca. 1591)
TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA (ca. 1592)
KING HENRY VI, Parts 1, 2, and 3 (1592?)
THE TRAGEDY OF KING RICHARD III (ca. 1593)
ROMEO AND JULIET (ca. 1593)
Development
TITUS ANDRONICUS (1594)
THE TRAGEDY OF KING RICHARD II (ca. 1594)
A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM (ca. 1594)
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF KING JOHN (ca. 1594)
THE MERCHANT OF VENICE (ca. 1595)
THE TAMING OF THE SHREW (ca. 1596)
KING HENRY IV, Part 1 (1597?)
KING HENRY IV, Part 2 (1598?)
THE LIFE OF KING HENRY V (1599)
THE MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR (1599?)
MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING (ca. 1599)
JULIUS CAESAR (1599)
AS YOU LIKE IT (ca. 1600)
TWELFTH NIGHT (1600?)
Tragedies
ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL (ca. 1602)
TROILUS AND CRESSIDA (ca. 1602)
HAMLET (ca. 1602)
MEASURE FOR MEASURE (ca. 1604)
OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE (ca. 1604) KING LEAR (1605?)
MACBETH (1606?)
ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA (1607?)
CORIOLANUS (ca. 1608)
TIMON OF ATHENS (ca. 1608)
PERICLES, PRINCE OF TYRE (ca. 1608)
Romances
CYMBELINE (1610?)
THE WINTER'S TALE (1610?)
THE TEMPEST (1611?)
THE FAMOUS HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF KING HENRY VIII (ca. 1611)
The most famous of these are Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Julius Caesar, and As You Like It. Shakespeare's nondramatic works are Venus and Adonis ( 1593), The Rape of Lucrece ( 1594), and his Sonnets ( 1609).
Beyond the fact that his birthplace was Stratford-on-Avon, that his father at one time was a butcher, that he was a player with the Lord Chamberlain's company, and that he lived for awhile as a country gentleman after his success in the theater, very little is known of Shakespeare's life; as a result, numerous writers have speculated on it and tried to find biographical significance in his works, especially his Sonnets. See W. H. There are also a great many curious theories ascribing Shakespeare's plays to other authors, notably Bacon.
He was popular in his own day and much admired by his contemporaries, but during the later 17th century and the 18th century his value as a poet and dramatist was minimized. In the period of Romanticism interest in him and his works was revived in the criticism of S. T. Coleridge, Charles Lamb, and William Hazlitt, and later Shakespearean enthusiasm grew to the point of adulation, with Germany and other European countries adopting the playwright as one of their own authors.
English poet and dramatist of the Elizabethan and early Jacobean period, probably the most widely known author in all English literature. His plays, the plots of most of which were derived from traditional medieval legend, contemporary chronicles, classic literature, and existent dramas of his own day, are distinguished by a more profound understanding and conception of character than is found in the work of other Elizabethan playwrights and by superior poetry of great delicacy, sensitivity, variety, and dramatic appropriateness.
His lyric and narrative poetry is closer to the conventional product of his time but, especially in his Sonnets and the songs from his plays, it is often marked by a combination of imagination, precision, and deep and sincere emotion that is lacking in similar work of his contemporaries.The following is a list of the accepted canon of Shakespeare's thirty-seven plays, arranged in the classification sometimes used, and followed by the dates generally agreed upon, by 20th century scholars:
Experiment
LOVE'S LABOR'S LOST (ca. 1590)
THE COMEDY OF ERRORS (ca. 1591)
TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA (ca. 1592)
KING HENRY VI, Parts 1, 2, and 3 (1592?)
THE TRAGEDY OF KING RICHARD III (ca. 1593)
ROMEO AND JULIET (ca. 1593)
Development
TITUS ANDRONICUS (1594)
THE TRAGEDY OF KING RICHARD II (ca. 1594)
A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM (ca. 1594)
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF KING JOHN (ca. 1594)
THE MERCHANT OF VENICE (ca. 1595)
THE TAMING OF THE SHREW (ca. 1596)
KING HENRY IV, Part 1 (1597?)
KING HENRY IV, Part 2 (1598?)
THE LIFE OF KING HENRY V (1599)
THE MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR (1599?)
MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING (ca. 1599)
JULIUS CAESAR (1599)
AS YOU LIKE IT (ca. 1600)
TWELFTH NIGHT (1600?)
Tragedies
ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL (ca. 1602)
TROILUS AND CRESSIDA (ca. 1602)
HAMLET (ca. 1602)
MEASURE FOR MEASURE (ca. 1604)
OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE (ca. 1604) KING LEAR (1605?)
MACBETH (1606?)
ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA (1607?)
CORIOLANUS (ca. 1608)
TIMON OF ATHENS (ca. 1608)
PERICLES, PRINCE OF TYRE (ca. 1608)
Romances
CYMBELINE (1610?)
THE WINTER'S TALE (1610?)
THE TEMPEST (1611?)
THE FAMOUS HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF KING HENRY VIII (ca. 1611)
The most famous of these are Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Julius Caesar, and As You Like It. Shakespeare's nondramatic works are Venus and Adonis ( 1593), The Rape of Lucrece ( 1594), and his Sonnets ( 1609).
Beyond the fact that his birthplace was Stratford-on-Avon, that his father at one time was a butcher, that he was a player with the Lord Chamberlain's company, and that he lived for awhile as a country gentleman after his success in the theater, very little is known of Shakespeare's life; as a result, numerous writers have speculated on it and tried to find biographical significance in his works, especially his Sonnets. See W. H. There are also a great many curious theories ascribing Shakespeare's plays to other authors, notably Bacon.
He was popular in his own day and much admired by his contemporaries, but during the later 17th century and the 18th century his value as a poet and dramatist was minimized. In the period of Romanticism interest in him and his works was revived in the criticism of S. T. Coleridge, Charles Lamb, and William Hazlitt, and later Shakespearean enthusiasm grew to the point of adulation, with Germany and other European countries adopting the playwright as one of their own authors.
Sewall, Samuel (1652-1730)
Sewall, Samuel (1652-1730)
English-born American statesman of early New England, known for his liberal views and for his Diary, written between 1674 and 1729, which gives a lively and vivid picture of life and personalities in the Boston of his day and has been compared to the similar and more famous work of Samuel Pepys.
Among his other writings are The Revolution in New England Justified ( 1691), which seeks to justify the deposition of the dictatorial English governor Andros; The Selling of Joseph ( 1700), an attack on slavery; and A Memorial Relating to the Kennebec Indians ( 1721), a humanitarian appeal with regard to the settlers' treatment of the Indians.
Sewall held a number of political offices in the colony of Massachusetts, serving as a deputy to the general court, a member of the Council, and eventually Chief Justice of the superior court. He was one of the judges at the Salem Witchcraft trials, but later repented publicly in church while his confession was read to the congregation. He is considered an excellent representative of the rising merchant class of New England of his time.
English-born American statesman of early New England, known for his liberal views and for his Diary, written between 1674 and 1729, which gives a lively and vivid picture of life and personalities in the Boston of his day and has been compared to the similar and more famous work of Samuel Pepys.
Among his other writings are The Revolution in New England Justified ( 1691), which seeks to justify the deposition of the dictatorial English governor Andros; The Selling of Joseph ( 1700), an attack on slavery; and A Memorial Relating to the Kennebec Indians ( 1721), a humanitarian appeal with regard to the settlers' treatment of the Indians.
Sewall held a number of political offices in the colony of Massachusetts, serving as a deputy to the general court, a member of the Council, and eventually Chief Justice of the superior court. He was one of the judges at the Salem Witchcraft trials, but later repented publicly in church while his confession was read to the congregation. He is considered an excellent representative of the rising merchant class of New England of his time.
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4 B. C-65 A. D.)
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4 B. C-65 A. D.)
Latin philosopher and dramatist, a member of the School of Stoicism, known for the rhetorical tragedies called by his name. These include Hercules, Troades, Phoenissae, Medea, Phaedra, Agamemnon, Oedipus, and Thyestes. Marked by violence, bloodshed, bombast, and characters of little individuality or differentiation, they bad an important influence on the tragic drama of Italy, France, and especially Elizabethan England.
Seneca was a tutor of Nero and, when the latter succeeded to the throne of emperor, became an important imperial official, building up a great fortune. When he lost favor, his fortune was confiscated and he committed suicide at Nero's command. His Naturales Questiones was used as a textbook of physical science during the Middle Ages.
Latin philosopher and dramatist, a member of the School of Stoicism, known for the rhetorical tragedies called by his name. These include Hercules, Troades, Phoenissae, Medea, Phaedra, Agamemnon, Oedipus, and Thyestes. Marked by violence, bloodshed, bombast, and characters of little individuality or differentiation, they bad an important influence on the tragic drama of Italy, France, and especially Elizabethan England.
Seneca was a tutor of Nero and, when the latter succeeded to the throne of emperor, became an important imperial official, building up a great fortune. When he lost favor, his fortune was confiscated and he committed suicide at Nero's command. His Naturales Questiones was used as a textbook of physical science during the Middle Ages.
Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832)
Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832)
Scotch poet and novelist of the romantic period, known for his historical novels, narrative poems and ballads on medieval themes and incidents in Scotch history. He was influenced in his choice of subject-matter by German ballads in the medieval manner and by the Gothic Novel, and in his turn had an important influence on the school of the historical novel that developed in the 19th century in England, France, and the U.S. Scott's novels, for which he is most famous, are marked by vividness of detail, adventure, and a colorful re-creation of the past. In the field of poetry, his works include THE EVE OF SAINT JOHN (1799), a celebrated ballad; Minstrelsy of the, Scottish Border ( 1802-1803), a collection of ancient Scotch ballads and legends; THE LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL (1805); MARMION (1808); THE LADY OF THE LAKE (1810); The Vision of Don Roderick ( 1811); ROKEBY (1813). The best-known of his novels and tales include the following:
WAVERLEY (1814); GUY MANNERING (1815); THE ANTIQUARY (1816); OLD MORTALITY (1816); THE BLACK DWARF (1816); THE HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN (1818); ROB ROY (1817); THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR (1819); THE LEGEND OF MONTROSE (1819); IVANHOE (1819); THE MONASTERY (1820); THE ABBOT (1820); KENILWORTH (1821); THE PIRATE (1821); THE FORTUNES OF NIGEL (1822); PEVERIL OF THE PEAK (1823); QUENTIN DURWARD (1823); ST. RONAN'S WELL (1823); REDGAUNTLET (1824); THE BETROTHED (1825); THE TALISMAN (1825); WOODSTOCK (1826); THE HIGHLAND WIDOW (1827); THE TWO DROVERS (1827); THE SURGEON'S DAUGHTER (1827); THE FAIR MAID OF PERTH (1828); ANNE OF GEIERSTEIN (1829); COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS (1832); CASTLE DANGEROUS (1832); THE DEATH OF THE LAIRD'S JOCK (1827); TALES OF A GRANDFATHER (1828-1830).
Scott also wrote several dramatic works, a number of studies in biography and in the history, legends, and antiquities of Scotland, and miscellaneous essays, including articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The novelist came of a family related to the old Scotch clan of Buccleuch, and in childhood was ill with infantile paralysis. In his maturity he was socially ambitious and built the mansion of Abbotsford on the banks of the Tweed. He also was a partner lit the publishing business with two brothers named Ballantyne, issuing, among other things, the Quarterly Review, a periodical rivaling the Edinburgh Review: in the later years of his life much of his writing was done in order to pay the debts of this firm, which went into bankruptcy about 1825.
Scott was known to the readers of his day as "The Wizard of the North."
Scotch poet and novelist of the romantic period, known for his historical novels, narrative poems and ballads on medieval themes and incidents in Scotch history. He was influenced in his choice of subject-matter by German ballads in the medieval manner and by the Gothic Novel, and in his turn had an important influence on the school of the historical novel that developed in the 19th century in England, France, and the U.S. Scott's novels, for which he is most famous, are marked by vividness of detail, adventure, and a colorful re-creation of the past. In the field of poetry, his works include THE EVE OF SAINT JOHN (1799), a celebrated ballad; Minstrelsy of the, Scottish Border ( 1802-1803), a collection of ancient Scotch ballads and legends; THE LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL (1805); MARMION (1808); THE LADY OF THE LAKE (1810); The Vision of Don Roderick ( 1811); ROKEBY (1813). The best-known of his novels and tales include the following:
WAVERLEY (1814); GUY MANNERING (1815); THE ANTIQUARY (1816); OLD MORTALITY (1816); THE BLACK DWARF (1816); THE HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN (1818); ROB ROY (1817); THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR (1819); THE LEGEND OF MONTROSE (1819); IVANHOE (1819); THE MONASTERY (1820); THE ABBOT (1820); KENILWORTH (1821); THE PIRATE (1821); THE FORTUNES OF NIGEL (1822); PEVERIL OF THE PEAK (1823); QUENTIN DURWARD (1823); ST. RONAN'S WELL (1823); REDGAUNTLET (1824); THE BETROTHED (1825); THE TALISMAN (1825); WOODSTOCK (1826); THE HIGHLAND WIDOW (1827); THE TWO DROVERS (1827); THE SURGEON'S DAUGHTER (1827); THE FAIR MAID OF PERTH (1828); ANNE OF GEIERSTEIN (1829); COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS (1832); CASTLE DANGEROUS (1832); THE DEATH OF THE LAIRD'S JOCK (1827); TALES OF A GRANDFATHER (1828-1830).
Scott also wrote several dramatic works, a number of studies in biography and in the history, legends, and antiquities of Scotland, and miscellaneous essays, including articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The novelist came of a family related to the old Scotch clan of Buccleuch, and in childhood was ill with infantile paralysis. In his maturity he was socially ambitious and built the mansion of Abbotsford on the banks of the Tweed. He also was a partner lit the publishing business with two brothers named Ballantyne, issuing, among other things, the Quarterly Review, a periodical rivaling the Edinburgh Review: in the later years of his life much of his writing was done in order to pay the debts of this firm, which went into bankruptcy about 1825.
Scott was known to the readers of his day as "The Wizard of the North."
Schnitzler, Arthur (1862-1931)
Schnitzler, Arthur (1862-1931)
Austrian novelist and playwright, best known for his witty psychological studies of Viennese amours, many of which were considered immoral on their first introduction to the public.
Das Märchen (The Tale; 1893), Anatol ( 1893), Liebelei ( 1895; translated into English as Flirtation), and Reigen ( 1900), are his bestknown plays. English translations of other works include Comedies of Words ( 1917), Intermezzo, Countess Mizzie, and The Lonely Way ( 1926), and Professor Bernhardi ( 1928), all plays; Viennese Idylls ( 1913), Bertha Garlan ( 1918), The Shepherd's Pipe, And Other Stories ( 1922), Dr. Graesler ( 1923), Beatrice ( 1926), Rhapsody ( 1927), and Daybreak ( 1928), novels and stories.
Schnitzler, of a well-known medical family, was a leading physician and a specialist in laryngology before turning to writing.
Austrian novelist and playwright, best known for his witty psychological studies of Viennese amours, many of which were considered immoral on their first introduction to the public.
Das Märchen (The Tale; 1893), Anatol ( 1893), Liebelei ( 1895; translated into English as Flirtation), and Reigen ( 1900), are his bestknown plays. English translations of other works include Comedies of Words ( 1917), Intermezzo, Countess Mizzie, and The Lonely Way ( 1926), and Professor Bernhardi ( 1928), all plays; Viennese Idylls ( 1913), Bertha Garlan ( 1918), The Shepherd's Pipe, And Other Stories ( 1922), Dr. Graesler ( 1923), Beatrice ( 1926), Rhapsody ( 1927), and Daybreak ( 1928), novels and stories.
Schnitzler, of a well-known medical family, was a leading physician and a specialist in laryngology before turning to writing.
Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829)
Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829), brother of August Wilhelm, was also a critic and poet and a leading spokesman for the typical theories and ideas of romanticism. His writings include Lucinde ( 1799), a fragmentary novel on the subject of free love; Alarkos ( 1802), a tragedy; History of Ancient and Modern Literature ( 1815); and Language and Wisdom of the Indians ( 1808). He was particularly known for his irony and his melancholy temperament.
The two brothers are important figures in the launching of romantic criticism and romantic standards of aesthetics, philosophy, and individual conduct, as well as founders of the sciences of comparative mythology and philology; in connection with philology, both did work in Indian languages.
Their wives, Caroline, née Böhmer and Dorothea, née Mendelssohn, were both women of brilliant minds and literary talent, Dorothea and Friedrich were together converted to Roman Catholicism in 1808. The father and the uncle of Friedrich and August Wilhelm, Johann Elias Schlegel ( 1718-1749) and Johann Adolf Schlegel ( 1721-1793), respectively, were well-known men of letters of their own time. Johann Elias was a critic and playwright, an early admirer of Shakespeare; Johann Adolf was a publicist and critic.
The two brothers are important figures in the launching of romantic criticism and romantic standards of aesthetics, philosophy, and individual conduct, as well as founders of the sciences of comparative mythology and philology; in connection with philology, both did work in Indian languages.
Their wives, Caroline, née Böhmer and Dorothea, née Mendelssohn, were both women of brilliant minds and literary talent, Dorothea and Friedrich were together converted to Roman Catholicism in 1808. The father and the uncle of Friedrich and August Wilhelm, Johann Elias Schlegel ( 1718-1749) and Johann Adolf Schlegel ( 1721-1793), respectively, were well-known men of letters of their own time. Johann Elias was a critic and playwright, an early admirer of Shakespeare; Johann Adolf was a publicist and critic.
Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin (1804 - 1869)
Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin (1804 - 1869).
French literary critic and author, successively influenced in his thought by scientific skepticism, physiology and Positivism, Romanticism, Saint-Simonism, liberal Catholicism, Swiss Calvinism, and other intellectual movements of his time. His criticism is sometimes divided into three periods: one, in which he was the spokesman for the romantic school; the second, in which he developed his biographical and psychological approach, studying a literary work through the life and personality of its author; and a third, in which he emphasized historical background and social environment in his studies in a method similar to that of Naturalism in the novel. His standards of judgment are taste, truth in the portrayal of life, moderation, and artistic unity.
Sainte-Beuve's works include Vie, Poésies, et Pensées de Joseph Delorme ( The Life, Poetry, and Thought of Joseph Delorme; 1829), an autobiographical work, morbid in tone; Consolations ( 1831); Pensées d'Aôut ( 1837); Le Livre d'Amour ( 1843); Volupté ( 1834), an autobiographical novel in the romantic vein, ending in a conversion of the hero to religion; Tableau de la Poésie Française au XIVe Siècle ( 1828); Port-Royal ( 1840-1860), a study of the Jansenists; Chateaubriand et son Groupe Littéraire; Causeries du Lundi ( 1851-1862) and Nouveaux Lundis ( 1863-1870), weekly critical articles; Portraits Littéraires ( 18621864); Portraits Contemporains ( 1869-1871).
Sainte-Beuve had a reputation for extreme variability in his friendships, personal loyalties, and intellectual affiliations. Le Livre d'Amour celebrates with great frankness the critic's early love-affair with the wife of Victor Hugo and aroused a great deal of scandal on its publication.
French literary critic and author, successively influenced in his thought by scientific skepticism, physiology and Positivism, Romanticism, Saint-Simonism, liberal Catholicism, Swiss Calvinism, and other intellectual movements of his time. His criticism is sometimes divided into three periods: one, in which he was the spokesman for the romantic school; the second, in which he developed his biographical and psychological approach, studying a literary work through the life and personality of its author; and a third, in which he emphasized historical background and social environment in his studies in a method similar to that of Naturalism in the novel. His standards of judgment are taste, truth in the portrayal of life, moderation, and artistic unity.
Sainte-Beuve's works include Vie, Poésies, et Pensées de Joseph Delorme ( The Life, Poetry, and Thought of Joseph Delorme; 1829), an autobiographical work, morbid in tone; Consolations ( 1831); Pensées d'Aôut ( 1837); Le Livre d'Amour ( 1843); Volupté ( 1834), an autobiographical novel in the romantic vein, ending in a conversion of the hero to religion; Tableau de la Poésie Française au XIVe Siècle ( 1828); Port-Royal ( 1840-1860), a study of the Jansenists; Chateaubriand et son Groupe Littéraire; Causeries du Lundi ( 1851-1862) and Nouveaux Lundis ( 1863-1870), weekly critical articles; Portraits Littéraires ( 18621864); Portraits Contemporains ( 1869-1871).
Sainte-Beuve had a reputation for extreme variability in his friendships, personal loyalties, and intellectual affiliations. Le Livre d'Amour celebrates with great frankness the critic's early love-affair with the wife of Victor Hugo and aroused a great deal of scandal on its publication.
Sackville, Thomas
Sackville, Thomas
1st Earl of Dorset and Baron Buckhurst ( 1536-1608). English poet and statesman, known for his authorship of the last two acts of the Tragedy of Gorboduc ( 1562), an important work in the history of the English drama, the first three acts of which were written by Thomas Norton, and especially for his Induction to the 1563 edition of The Mirror For Magistrates.
The latter piece is the most famous part of the Mirror, considered by many critics to be the most outstanding poem written in England between the death of Chaucer and the publication of Spenser Shepherd's Calendar. Sackville followed his Induction with an account of the life of Henry, Duke of Buckingham, also included in the 1563 edition.
In later life, Sackville devoted himself to a public career, serving variously as a Member of Parliament, an ambassador, a member of the Privy Council, Lord Treasurer, and Chancellor of Oxford University.
1st Earl of Dorset and Baron Buckhurst ( 1536-1608). English poet and statesman, known for his authorship of the last two acts of the Tragedy of Gorboduc ( 1562), an important work in the history of the English drama, the first three acts of which were written by Thomas Norton, and especially for his Induction to the 1563 edition of The Mirror For Magistrates.
The latter piece is the most famous part of the Mirror, considered by many critics to be the most outstanding poem written in England between the death of Chaucer and the publication of Spenser Shepherd's Calendar. Sackville followed his Induction with an account of the life of Henry, Duke of Buckingham, also included in the 1563 edition.
In later life, Sackville devoted himself to a public career, serving variously as a Member of Parliament, an ambassador, a member of the Privy Council, Lord Treasurer, and Chancellor of Oxford University.
Twain, Mark ( 1835-1910)
Twain, Mark. Pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens ( 1835-1910)
American humorist, journalist, and author, best known for his humorous stories of American frontier life in the 19th century, written at first under the influence of Bret Harte, with whom he was for a time associated. His Works include The Adventures of Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass ( 1856); The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ( 1865), his first work to attract attention, reissued in The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, And Other Sketches ( 1867); The Innocents Abroad ( 1869); Roughing It ( 1872); The Gilded Ace ( 1873), a novel written with Charles Dudley Warner; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (see Tom Sawyer; 1876), with its sequel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884) the most famous of Twain's books; A Tramp Abroad ( 1880), an account of European travel; Life on the Mississippi ( 1883); The Prince and the Pauper ( 1882); A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court ( 1889); The American Claimant ( 1890); Pudd'nhead Wilson ( 1894); Tom Sawyer Abroad ( 1894) and Tom Sawyer Detective ( 1896), late sequels to the earlier Sawyer books; Personal Recollections of joan of Arc ( 1896); Following the Equator ( 1897), an account of a lecture tour of the world; The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg ( 1890); What Is Man? ( 1906); Christian Science ( 1907); Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven ( 1909); The Mysterious Stranger ( 1916); Mark Twain's Letters ( 1917); Mark Twain's Autobiography ( 1924). Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are considered his best work, marked, as are his most representative humorous sketches, by vigor, high-spirited exaggeration, and native colloquial idiom.
Clemens was born in Missouri and in his early youth held a number of odd jobs, working as a printer and as apprentice to a pilot on a steamboat on the Mississippi River. His pseudonym had its origin in this latter job, "mark twain," meaning "two fathoms deep," being a phrase used in taking soundings on the river boats. At the time of the Civil War he went to Nevada and California, where he met Artemus Ward and Harte, worked on frontier newspapers, and first attracted attention by his writing. He soon became extremely popular, and was also praised by serious critics of the day. After 1894, when he suffered a financial failure, his work began to show a pessimistic, misanthropic quality. Some critics, notably Van Wyck Brooks in The Ordeal of Mark Twain, have attributed this to the frustration of Twain's genuine creative talents by the conservative, Puritanical influence of his wife, Olivia Langdon, and her friends. The author himself directed that some of his works be published only after his death, feeling that they were too pessimistic for the public of his own lifetime.
American humorist, journalist, and author, best known for his humorous stories of American frontier life in the 19th century, written at first under the influence of Bret Harte, with whom he was for a time associated. His Works include The Adventures of Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass ( 1856); The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ( 1865), his first work to attract attention, reissued in The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, And Other Sketches ( 1867); The Innocents Abroad ( 1869); Roughing It ( 1872); The Gilded Ace ( 1873), a novel written with Charles Dudley Warner; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (see Tom Sawyer; 1876), with its sequel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884) the most famous of Twain's books; A Tramp Abroad ( 1880), an account of European travel; Life on the Mississippi ( 1883); The Prince and the Pauper ( 1882); A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court ( 1889); The American Claimant ( 1890); Pudd'nhead Wilson ( 1894); Tom Sawyer Abroad ( 1894) and Tom Sawyer Detective ( 1896), late sequels to the earlier Sawyer books; Personal Recollections of joan of Arc ( 1896); Following the Equator ( 1897), an account of a lecture tour of the world; The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg ( 1890); What Is Man? ( 1906); Christian Science ( 1907); Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven ( 1909); The Mysterious Stranger ( 1916); Mark Twain's Letters ( 1917); Mark Twain's Autobiography ( 1924). Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are considered his best work, marked, as are his most representative humorous sketches, by vigor, high-spirited exaggeration, and native colloquial idiom.
Clemens was born in Missouri and in his early youth held a number of odd jobs, working as a printer and as apprentice to a pilot on a steamboat on the Mississippi River. His pseudonym had its origin in this latter job, "mark twain," meaning "two fathoms deep," being a phrase used in taking soundings on the river boats. At the time of the Civil War he went to Nevada and California, where he met Artemus Ward and Harte, worked on frontier newspapers, and first attracted attention by his writing. He soon became extremely popular, and was also praised by serious critics of the day. After 1894, when he suffered a financial failure, his work began to show a pessimistic, misanthropic quality. Some critics, notably Van Wyck Brooks in The Ordeal of Mark Twain, have attributed this to the frustration of Twain's genuine creative talents by the conservative, Puritanical influence of his wife, Olivia Langdon, and her friends. The author himself directed that some of his works be published only after his death, feeling that they were too pessimistic for the public of his own lifetime.
Turgenev, Ivan Sergeëvich (1818-1883)
Turgenev, Ivan Sergeëvich (1818-1883)
Russian novelist and poet, known for the realism and local color of his portrayals of life in 19th-century Russia, especially the conflicts between young, Westernized intellectuals and their conservative fathers. He is considered to have fixed the type of introspective, nihilist hero in Russian fiction, and is believed to have influenced George Sand, Flaubert, and Henry James in the technique of the novel.
His works include A Sportsman's Sketches ( 1847-1851); Rudin ( 1856); A Nest of Gentlefolk or A Nest of Nobles, also known as Liza ( 1859); Fathers and Sons ( 1862); On the Eve ( 1860); Smoke ( 1867); Virgin Soil ( 1876). Among other titles are The Gamekeeper at Home; A Lear of the Steppes; Torrens of Spring; Clara Milch; Dream Tales and Prose Poems.
Turgenev traveled a good deal in western Europe and was influenced by the ideas and techniques he encountered there. He was interested in the attempts of his time to westernize Russia, although his art had greater attractions for him than participation in active politics. He took a brief part in the movement to free the serfs, and was exiled to his country estate for calling Gogol "a great man" in one of his articles. Nationalistic authors, most notably Dostoyevsky, scorned Turgenev for his European ways and ideas, and the character of Karmanizov in The Possessed is considered to be a satirical portrait of the novelist.
Russian novelist and poet, known for the realism and local color of his portrayals of life in 19th-century Russia, especially the conflicts between young, Westernized intellectuals and their conservative fathers. He is considered to have fixed the type of introspective, nihilist hero in Russian fiction, and is believed to have influenced George Sand, Flaubert, and Henry James in the technique of the novel.
His works include A Sportsman's Sketches ( 1847-1851); Rudin ( 1856); A Nest of Gentlefolk or A Nest of Nobles, also known as Liza ( 1859); Fathers and Sons ( 1862); On the Eve ( 1860); Smoke ( 1867); Virgin Soil ( 1876). Among other titles are The Gamekeeper at Home; A Lear of the Steppes; Torrens of Spring; Clara Milch; Dream Tales and Prose Poems.
Turgenev traveled a good deal in western Europe and was influenced by the ideas and techniques he encountered there. He was interested in the attempts of his time to westernize Russia, although his art had greater attractions for him than participation in active politics. He took a brief part in the movement to free the serfs, and was exiled to his country estate for calling Gogol "a great man" in one of his articles. Nationalistic authors, most notably Dostoyevsky, scorned Turgenev for his European ways and ideas, and the character of Karmanizov in The Possessed is considered to be a satirical portrait of the novelist.
Trumbull, John (1750-1831)
Trumbull, John (1750-1831)
American poet, a member of the Hartford Wits, known as the author of satires and bombastic patriotic poems in the neo-Classical style. See Neoclassicism.
His works include The Progress of Dullness ( 1772-1773), a satire on the methods of contemporary education; An Elegy on the Times ( 1774), a patriotic piece; MCFincal ( 1782), an anti-British satire, extremely popular in its time; essays in the style of The Spectator; several anonymous revolutionary essays; and a number of incidental poems. He also collaborated with Joel Barlow and other members of the Hartford school on The Anarchiad.
Trumbull, considered the most popular of the Hartford Wits, came of an outstanding Connecticut family and began his career as a child prodigy. He learned to read and write at the age of two, passed the Yale entrance examinations at the age of seven, and entered the college at thirteen. During the period just before the Revolution he studied law in the office of John Adams in Boston and took part in the political agitation of the time. Later he was a representative in the state legislature of Connecticut and a judge in the superior and supreme courts. He died of tuberculosis.
American poet, a member of the Hartford Wits, known as the author of satires and bombastic patriotic poems in the neo-Classical style. See Neoclassicism.
His works include The Progress of Dullness ( 1772-1773), a satire on the methods of contemporary education; An Elegy on the Times ( 1774), a patriotic piece; MCFincal ( 1782), an anti-British satire, extremely popular in its time; essays in the style of The Spectator; several anonymous revolutionary essays; and a number of incidental poems. He also collaborated with Joel Barlow and other members of the Hartford school on The Anarchiad.
Trumbull, considered the most popular of the Hartford Wits, came of an outstanding Connecticut family and began his career as a child prodigy. He learned to read and write at the age of two, passed the Yale entrance examinations at the age of seven, and entered the college at thirteen. During the period just before the Revolution he studied law in the office of John Adams in Boston and took part in the political agitation of the time. Later he was a representative in the state legislature of Connecticut and a judge in the superior and supreme courts. He died of tuberculosis.
Tourgée, Albion Winegar (1838-1905)
Tourgée, Albion Winegar (1838-1905)
American lawyer and novelist, known for his depiction, realistic in background and detail, of the Reconstruction period in the South after the Civil War.
His works include 'Toinette ( 1874), reissued in 1881 as A Royal Gentleman; Figs and Thistles ( 1879); A Fool's Errand ( 1879); Bricks without Straw ( 1880); John Eax and Mamelon ( 1882); Hot Plowshares ( 1883); Button's Inn ( 1887); With Gauge and Swallow ( 1889); Pactolus Prime ( 1890); The Mortgage on the Hiproof House ( 1896). These are particularly marked by an understanding of the problems of the Negro.
Tourgée fought in the Northern army during the Civil War, and later went to North Carolina as a carpetbagger. As a judge in the superior court of the state he helped to break up the Ku Klix Klan, and much of the material in his books was based on first-hand experience.
American lawyer and novelist, known for his depiction, realistic in background and detail, of the Reconstruction period in the South after the Civil War.
His works include 'Toinette ( 1874), reissued in 1881 as A Royal Gentleman; Figs and Thistles ( 1879); A Fool's Errand ( 1879); Bricks without Straw ( 1880); John Eax and Mamelon ( 1882); Hot Plowshares ( 1883); Button's Inn ( 1887); With Gauge and Swallow ( 1889); Pactolus Prime ( 1890); The Mortgage on the Hiproof House ( 1896). These are particularly marked by an understanding of the problems of the Negro.
Tourgée fought in the Northern army during the Civil War, and later went to North Carolina as a carpetbagger. As a judge in the superior court of the state he helped to break up the Ku Klix Klan, and much of the material in his books was based on first-hand experience.
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